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2.12
The historical tradition of category and rules of classification
 
  Literally hundreds of classification systems have been created since the emergence of organized human civilization and knowledge. Essentially, all these rule and classification systems can be categorized into one of two main types of rule systems- bivalent and multivalent.  
  The word valent, is derived from the Latin word valentia (power, competence) and valere (be powerful).  
2.12.1 Bivalent systems
  The word Bivalent means essentially "two-power" or "two-choice". Bivalent systems are based on the prime idea that every sentence/statement in a given class of sentences is either true, or false with "truth" or "falsity" as the only possible alternatives.  
  The earliest bivalent systems were based on the laws of the Gods being the "truth" and anything not conforming to these rules as being the "false", or "bad."  
  Then around 300BC, the most successful and widely used thinking system in human history was invented and systematized by Aristotle in Ancient Greece into the science we now call logic.  
2.12.2 Bivalent system- Logic
  Logic is derived from the practical problems of classification - how to define things. Aristotle, it's inventor, was interested in understanding of how everything fitted. Thus logic firstly is a method of classification.  
  The second need was the ability to justify how and why something is classified the way it has been. At the time of Aristotle, without certain rules, arguments would rage for months between some minds- without coming to agreement on common terms, classifications.  
  The early part of Greece philosophy was entirely engrossed on this point- the debate of different absolute systems for classification. Sometimes philosophy schools would take opposing sides, because they could.  
  Using Aristotle's method of argument, something either is, or is not. Therefore, according to logic, something cannot be and not-be at the same time. Such arguments are considered illogical.  
  Further, Aristotle saw as an immediate byproduct of the argument of logic was that by knowing the relationships of some knowledge, other knowledge (pattern) might be deduced. The more that is classified, the more knowledge can be derived from pattern. Thus logic has been a very important and powerful tool over the past two and a half thousand years.  
  By combining a method of classification on a or b and applying a "law of excluded middle", arguments could be strongly applied.  
  Thus logic provides a powerful method of judgment and securing success between the argument of ideas.  
  Because of logic's ability to (1) enable clear classification and (2) judgment and justification of classification (often self referenced), arguments that are framed in a strong "logical" structure are considered superior to those that are not.  
  To individuals and organizations desiring their arguments to be successful, the system of logic did and still does present an irresistible vehicle for structuring their view of the world.  
  The formal system was (and still is) extremely popular with organized religions as a method of arguing points of belief (theology), considering the close parallel between the bivalent system of the "law of god(s)" and logic.  
  Today, an area of human research and endeavor is not considered a science, or scientific unless it adheres rigorously to logic. Logic is the backbone, the fundamental premise upon which every science and social science - the entire knowledge based of humanity is largely based. In a bizarre twist, most views of the modern world of human philosophy place religion at one end of the spectrum with science at the other.  
  Yet to religions such as Christianity, logic is just as important tool and Aristotle just as important figure as the articles of faith that are proclaimed.  
  Aristotle created a box, then rules for the box, justifying the box. A or B- everything either fits or doesn't fit. Everything fits something best once. Thus bivalent logic was created and remains intertwined with almost every part of our lives every day, whether we know it or not.  
2.12.3 Multivalent systems
  Multivalent systems as the name implies are those that offer more than two choices. Unlike bivalent systems, no serious formal development of a multivalent system emerged until the 20th century with the development of "fuzzy" logic.  
  As opposed to logic, fuzzy logic refutes the notion that statements must conform to the notion "a or not-a." Instead, fuzzy logic states 100% a and 100% not-a as the boundaries, with most statements falling somewhere in the middle. As this is the "grey" area between black and white logic, the term fuzzy was coined in the 1960's to denote the difference between this system.  
  Fuzzy logic has enjoyed a strong popularity in technical application in Eastern countries in the past few years, with this system of rules classification being used to create "intelligent" machines such as dishwashers that can detect the level of grime and modify the cleaning cycle, as well as air-conditioning units that can detect the internal air temperature of the room and maintain optimum temperature.  
  More recently, fuzzy logic or "multivalent" logic has been adopted as a method by which natural rules may be applied to increase intelligence in robotics and the pursuit of AI- artificial intelligence in machines.  
     
 
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