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| 3.11 |
The character of awareness and the non-local nature of the
universe of super small particles |
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| On the previous page, we discussed a range of characteristics that most people would generally agree in common sense to be characteristics of the smallest building blocks of matter. These were: | |||||||||
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| It is now time to describe the most amazing quality of the smallest particles of matter which can best be described as "awareness" that has been both discovered and vindicated as scientifically valid since 1997. | |||||||||
| 3.11.1 | John Stewart Bell and the non-local universal equations | ||||||||
| In 1964, an Irishman named John Stewart Bell developed a mathematical proof that supported a nonphysical part of the universe. This theoretical physicist stated that any model explaining the universe entirely as local or as physical reality is incomplete for it does not include the non-local part. He also stated that there is an interconnectedness to everything in the universe. This proof is called the Bell Theorem. | |||||||||
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John S. Bell's intention was to reconcile two schools of thought about quantum mechanics headed by two of the founders of atomic physics-Albert Einstein and Neils Bohr- whose views opposed one another. Each had their interpretation to explain the bizarre, weird behavior of atomic particles. Neils Bohr, a Danish physicist, founded the Copenhagen interpretation of the quantum theory. He believed that the quantum theory could only describe the interactions of the various subatomic particles by probability or statistical predictions and that this method was complete for it explained all things concerning the phenomena. Mr. Bohr pointed out that the indefiniteness of the quantum theory was due to the inherit nature of atoms at the atomic level. Albert Einstein, who also contributed to quantum theory, criticized the statistical or probabilities' predictions of quantum mechanics and considered them incomplete. Predictions could only be made when large numbers of subatomic occurrences were studied. Einstein and two of his colleagues, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, created a problem around 1950 called the EPR paradox named for the first letter in each of their last names, to show the inconstancy in the quantum theory. The purpose of this thought experiment was to expose the profound peculiarities of the quantum description of a physical system extended over a large space. |
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| 3.11.2 |
What is the EPR paradox? |
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The EPR experiment was based on two equal or twin particles. These tiny particles, called A and B, composed a system traveling in opposite directions from each other. Einstein and his colleagues knew they could measure some aspects of the first particle A, such as its position and momentum. From this measurement, they could predict the outcomes of the second particle B traveling in the opposite direction, while not going near the second particle. However, instead of disproving Neil Bohr's school of thought that said that any measurement on A also effects B or vice versa, the EPR experiment proved it. Whatever particle was not measured reacted to the changes on the other particle. If the measured particle A began to spin in the opposite direction, instantaneously particle B also began to spin in the direction of particle A. Since there was no force or energy transferred between the two particles, there seemed to be some form of information transferred from one particle to another. Einstein did not know how to explain this phenomenon and objected to the 'ghostly action at a distance (The Ghost in the Atom edited P. C.W. Davies & J. R. Brown, p. 15).' He wanted objective measurement and facts. Simply put, imagine a light bulb that emits two particles of light that move in opposite directions away from each other . Note that even if these particles were at different ends of the universe, if particle A changed certain aspects of its momentum, speed, or course, then particle B would instantaneously change to match the movement, speed, and course of particle A. To resolve this problem the Bell theorem proved "in theory" that there was instant communication between these two particles. This means a message would have to travel faster than the speed of light that is 186,000 miles /sec. between them. According to the Einstein special theory of relativity this was impossible. Bell showed there is non-local communication between these two particles. This communication is nonphysical and currently science has no explanation for it. |
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| 3.11.2 | What is the definition of 'local' and 'non-local'? | ||||||||
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The essence of a local contact is direct contact - as basic as the touch of
another persons hand. Body 'A' affects Body 'B' locally when it either touches
'B' or touches something else that touches 'B'. A gear train is a typical local
mechanism. Motion passes from one gear wheel to another in an unbroken chain.
Break the chain by taking out a single gear and the movement cannot continue.
Without something there to mediate it, a local interaction cannot cross a gap."
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On the other hand, the essence of non-locality is unmediated
action-at-a-distance. A non-local interaction jumps from Body 'A' to Body 'B'
without touching anything in between. |
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| 3.11.3 | 1982 and 1997-Proving the Universe is non-local | ||||||||
| Classical physics states that physical reality is local, or that a measurement at one point in space cannot influence what occurs at another beyond a fairly short distance. However, In 1997 (Based on similar work done in 1982 at the University of Paris-South), experiments were conducted in which light particles (photons) originated under certain conditions and traveled in opposite directions to detectors located about seven miles apart. | |||||||||
| The amazing results indicated that the photons "interacted" or "communicated" with one another instantly or "in no time," leading to the revelation that physical reality is non-local--a discovery the represents one of the most momentous in the history of science." | |||||||||
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Copyright © 2010 UCADIA. All rights reserved. |
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